
As we discussed in class, many assumptions about good and evil, and morality, vary depending on the influence of culture. Indeed, Western intuitions about what constitutes good and evil differ a great deal from Eastern assumptions.
A large part of Eastern morality and philosophy stems from the Buddhist tradition, as well as Confucianism, in which a large emphasis is placed on "balance," moderation, and duty. Typified by reincarnation, karma, and nirvana, despite new-found understanding amongst Western intelligencia and "New Agers," Buddhism still mystifies a large portion of Western society. Islam, another large contributor to Eastern morality, focuses on duty and discipline, literally "Submission to God," governed by Sharia Law. This code has been seen by many Westerners as gender discriminatory, archaic, and oppressive.
One case study reveals differences between the business ethics of students from "Confucian cultures" and American students
Along with knowing and comprehending these misunderstanding and differences in culture, it is also valuable to acknowledge the different interpretations of religious text throughout the ages. For example, the Qu'ran has been interpreted and re-interpreted by different scholars throughout time, sometimes for their own material and ideological gains (The Veil and the Male Elite, Mernissi 45). So, these Western notions of gender discrimination often derive from the interpretations of religious texts, not what those religious texts actually state. It is unfortunate though that these interpretations seeped into the Eastern culture and had a profound, if not degrading, impact on the status and roles of women. Interestingly, during the first one hundred and fifty years of Islam, women were treated as equal as men (Women and Gender in Islam, Leila Ahmed). And a closer analysis of the Qu'ran will point out just how egalitarian, in regards to gender, Islam really is. For further information about the role of women in early Islamic communities, see:
Women in IslamFor this reason, I am dedicating this page to Eastern notions of good and evil, morality, and the like. I begin with a time honored Eastern tradition: knowledge through a parable.
The Coconut
"A monkey on a tree hurled a coconut at the head of a Sufi.
The man picked it up, drank the milk, ate the flesh, and made a bowl from the shell."
Thank you for your criticism of me!
- Anthony De Mello, The Song of the Bird
The ancient wisdom is slow in coming, yet if you think about this parable and the bold message at the end, the meaning becomes more apparent!
Things we perceive to be "bad" or even "evil" may have positive consequences, as we cannot see past the choices that have yet to be made. Can we be sure that the "bad"occurrencesare actually harmful? Or do they simply lack the proper context in which to be judged? Or perhaps it takes the right kind of person, perhaps a leader, to turn what could be bad into something good.
- Anthony De Mello was a Catholic priest and theologian. Because he infused too much of Eastern mysticism to relate Catholic tradition, his teachings were proclaimed heresy by the Catholic Church. His beautiful and inspired writings continue to be an inspiration to me and those seeking wisdom in all walks of life.
Two links for further information on Buddhist and Islamic Morality and ethical code:
Collection of Buddhist Parables: